كتاب ثورة البيانات

تمهيد ثورة البيانات البيانات الكبيرة، والبيانات المفتوحة، والبنى التحتية للبيانات، والنتائج المترتبة عنها 11 • Dodge, M. and Kitchin, R. (2005) ‘Codes of life: identification codes and the machine-readable • world’, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 23(6): 851–81. • Kitchin, R. (2013) ‘Big data and human geography: opportunities, challenges and risks’, Dialogues in • Human Geography, 3(3): 262–7. • Kitchin, R. (2014) ‘The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism’, GeoJournal 79(1): 1–14. • Kitchin, R. (2014) ‘Big data, new epistemologies and paradigm shifts’, Big Data and Society, 1(1) • April–June, 1–12. • Kitchin, R. and Lauriault, T. (2014) Small Data, Data Infrastructures and Big Data. The • Programmable City Working Paper 1. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/ abstract=2376148. • Kitchin, R. and Lauriault, T. (in press) ‘Small data in an era of big data,’ Geo Journal. • Figure 1.1 is adapted from InformationisBeautiful.net with the permission of David McCandless. • Figure 1.2 is reproduced with the permission of The Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland. • Table 2.4 is included with the permission of Neil Beagrie, Brian Lavoie and Matthew Woollard and • under a creative commons licence for Fry et al., http://repository.jisc . ac.uk/279/. • Table 3.1 is reproduced from http://opendefinition.org/od/ under a creative commons licence.